APA Style Page †Learn How to Format It According to All Rules

APA Style Page †Learn How to Format It According to All Rules Understudies consider designing an article the hardest piece of any scholastic creative cycle. They share that it requires some investment to examine composing style guides than perusing a specific article or entire section to retell it. The guideline of each reference style is similar: it’s about embeddings in-text references and creating list of sources with the rundown of sources utilized all through the paper. In any case, each organization has its subtleties. This time we’re going to discuss APA composing style structured and suggested by the American Psychologic Association. The use of APA style is self-evident: to the extent it was set up by the American Psychologic Association, it is regularly applied to humanities, clinical, and aesthetic sciences teaches, for example, Brain research Theory Human science Social work Instruction Nursing Writing Sexual orientation considers You can confront APA style not just in scholarly articles. Any distribution of examination done in the fields referenced above is typically composed by the principles set by the American Psychologic Association too. The first occasion when you may meet the need to design your paper like this is your first year in school. Secondary school understudies seldom meet this arranging style as APA requires a further developed composing level than MLA, for example. It might take too long to even think about reading the whole guide in APA style, so we have abbreviated the data. This article quickly discloses how to include text references effectively just as produce a list of sources (a.k.a. References page in APA). We advise which assets to use to organize the work. Attempt to limit inclination in your language, stay away from counterfeiting (duplicate stuck content without appropriate references), and pick just great instances of APA arranged articles with in-text references. P.S. Utilize a guide/manual known as The American Psychologic Association Handbook eighth Edition when you type your paper utilizing APA style. APA Writing Style Elements and Overall Structure As a matter of first importance, each distribution written as per all standards set by the American Psychologic Association should start with a cover sheet. The following components show up on the main page to distinguish your work: Your topic’s full title. Your name and last name. Instructive organization (school, school, or college name). The arrangement necessitates that the title is set twice: in the page heading called Running head and in the base of your first page. While making a cover sheet in APA composing style, be cautious with the edges (one-inch from all sides), text style (Times New Roman 12 pt. is liked), page numbers, and other little subtleties. The heading ought to show up on each page, yet less Running Head words. The second element of any very much arranged paper is dynamic. The American Psychologic Association manual requires all exploration attempts to incorporate a theoretical which is 150-200 words synopsis of the content. It contains only one passage written in APA style. A decent example of unique may help on the off chance that you have no clue about how to get ready rundowns. Another approach to get help with respect to this section’s length is to counsel your educator. At long last, base your models on the segment 2.04 of the APA Manual (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010). You can discover a ton of helpful data in this manual. The theoretical ought to counsel your perusers on the substance so as to let them choose whether they need to peruse your distribution from spread to cover. It is basic to sum up each section of your paper. Once you’re finished with a theoretical, move to the presentation and different parts by adhering to the picked composing style. Body of the Paper and References Page Format The main contrast between the ways MLA and APA presentation, body, and end look is the need to add a few headings to separate the pieces of the content. Such headings ought to be intense. Sociology research paper composed by the American Psychological Association rules may incorporate the accompanying headings put in the inside: Introduction, Method, Participants, Research Design, Measures, Procedure, Results/Findings, Discussion, Conclusion. All data ought to be appropriately isolated in these squares. All parts with the exception of the end can have references. Each time you include an in-text reference, immediate or backhanded, determine the creator, date (distribution year), and some of the page where the reference was taken from (if accessible). Put this source data in the parentheticals. That’s the manner in which you should refer to in APA style. Put down all sources you use on a different bit of paper to get ready References page in APA style quicker toward the end. Such data is required to show where you used to discover significant references, evaluate the writers, and offer sources with your perusers. They might need to check them later. As a matter of fact, that’s why authors lead research before recording the exposition or exploration paper in APA style. We will counsel you on reference index page just, however you can peruse the remainder of the scholastic paper structure on the web. Each References page passage must give the data on each and every source reviewed in the article, including: Author’s last name and initials Year of distribution Title of the article, book, paper, or some other source you utilized Subtleties like variant, release, issue, number, and so on. Distributer and distributing area (town/city and state). Type in the page number whenever known. We have incorporated a few instances of APA style references to perk you up: National Association of Social Workers. (2000). Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC: Author. Schilling, R., Morrish, J., and Liu, G. (2008). Segment drifts in social work over a quarter-century. Social Work, 53â (2) 103-114. Any issues with scholarly pages of your paper in APA style? You may counsel online scholars or just request tests or custom expositions for inexpensively.

Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theory of Education - Essay Example I accept that Education is the way to progress and it is through instruction that an individual gets the essential abilities and apparatuses that are significant in building a real existence that is effective and prosperous. The nature of training in a nation will decide the degree of its prosperity and thriving. In this manner, as an instructor I accept that it is significant for each youngster to get quality training. Albeit quality in training is something that can't be accomplished by the instructors just, I accept educators assume a significant job in improving the instruction nature of a nation. To improve the nature of training, instructors, guardians and all partners in instruction must cooperate. Quality in instruction incorporates the wellbeing and interest of students, support from family and network, accessibility of good learning condition, content that is significant, in actuality, circumstances and teacher’s association and capability. As an educator, I accept that everybody can learn. In any case, for compelling acing of ideas and abilities, an understudy must show enthusiasm for learning and eagerness to partake in the learning exercises. My work as an educator is to give acceptable learning condition in the study hall and improve the nature of instruction. The course of action or association of the study hall can improve or repress getting the hang of relying upon the learning examples of every kid. Along these lines, by obliging the students’ various examples of learning, the instructor makes a domain that is favorable for learning. Despite the fact that training has consistently been related with monetary development, I accept that with better quality instruction the financial returns can be a lot higher. It is likewise apparent that expanded interest in training increments political steadiness, democratization, improves the wellbeing of the individuals and decreases destitution and disparity. In this way, I am unequivocally persuaded that it is the job of educators to guarantee that the instruction gave in schools is of acceptable quality to understand the most extreme advantages of value training. Youthful personalities are extremely basic and fragile, and encouraging them is testing and baffling. Any sign by the instructor that the individual isn't keen on a specific subject or territory of study and needs energy for learning will make the kids to lose enthusiasm for the equivalent. An educator must persuade the offspring of their insight and mastery for them to be eager to learn and show enthusiasm for learning. My activity, as an instructor is to build up a domain that advances learning. I am an educator and a teacher since I gangs the enthusiasm for controlling kids through the way toward learning and perhaps the most ideal methods of cultivating learning is to show the youngsters these sentiments I hold over training. I advance learning by giving a casual climate to kids, invigorating discussions on introduced thoughts and sorting out thoughts in a simple manner that can be comprehended by the students. I accept topic are interconnected in this way I accentuate that everything that individuals learn structure a universe of comprehension from which they build up their own perspectives. I likewise accept that demonstrating admiration to my understudies is significant in light of the fact that it urges them to be open and moves them to regard one another and every single others. My strategy for instructing is what recognizes decent variety in showing procedures and methods. I accept that hands on and minds on learning are significant on the grounds that enhancing educational program with different exer cises advances the learning procedure. I am sure that by including the students in intriguing exercises and utilizing techniques which address their learning styles, they can make progress in scholastics and have fearlessness in the learning procedure. Learning possibly happens when the youngsters are completely occupied with the learning procedure, are by and by associated with the idea educated and utilize the information obtained, all things considered, circumstances. Hence, when this happens a kid is urged to be locked in finished and

A Beginners Guide to Budgeting

A Beginners Guide to Budgeting A Beginners Guide to Budgeting A Beginners Guide to BudgetingStarting a budget is going to require some work, but that doesnt mean it has to be scary! Here are some expert tips to help you break the seal.If you’ve got a lousy credit score and find yourself relying on high-interest no credit check loans and predatory cash advances to cover emergency expenses, the odds are good that your relationship with money could use a hard reboot.And what’s the best way to do that? By building your first budget! We know, that sounds like a somewhat daunting proposition. But don’t worry. That’s why we’re here. We reached out to a number of different financial experts to get their best budgeting tips for beginners. Here’s what they had to say! You already have a budget.When it comes to budgeting I tell clients that they already have a budget whether they know it or not,” said Financial Life Coach AJ Borowsky  (@AskWhatNext). “The key is discovering the budget and then correcting any problems with it. The way to di scover the budget is to begin tracking their spending in detail.”Building and maintaining a budget is nobody’s idea of a good time. But like so many other tedious tasks in life, it’s vitally important.“Yes, this takes discipline but it is an eye-opening practice that shows the reality of their spending habits,” said Borowsky. “Once their budget is revealed they (or we if we’re working together) can set priorities and go from a hidden, non-working budget to a well-planned successful budget.”Start by tracking your expenses.Sure, you could sit down right now and just conjure a monthly budget out of thin air. But it probably wont bear any relation to how you actually spend money. Before you can rein in your spending, you have to gain a clear idea of how you’re spending it in the first place.“My #1 budgeting tip is to track your expenses for a month before creating a budget,” said personal finance blogger Marc Andre of VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar). Without knowin g how much youre actually spending right now in the different budget categories, your budget is really just a guess.“If you track your expenses you can usually identify a few areas where you need to cut back, and your budget will be much more realistic,” he added. “And if your budget is realistic, youll be more likely to stick to it.”For those who want to start tracking their expenses today, Andre suggested using an app like Mint or Dollarbird. (For even more budget tracking apps, you can also check out the OppLoans app directory.) And for people who want to look at their previous spending, he recommended going back through your checking account and credit card statements.“Put each expense into a budget category,” he said, and then make sure that your ideal budget is something you can realistically achieve.Bit by bit, you’ll figure out your cost of living.When you’re tracking your expenses, what you’re doing is figuring out your cost of living. According to Certifi ed Financial Planner Michael Menninger, most people underestimate their cost of living by over 30 percent, and they do so because they forget to factor in “discretionary spending.”Menninger has two methods to help one determine their cost of living. He dubs them the easy way and the hard way. (Don’t worry though, the hard way isn’t that bad.) Here’s how he describes the easy way:“This may sound overly simplistic, and that’s because it is!  Look at your savings and checking account balances from one year ago, and look at what they are now.  If they went up, you know that you’ve spent less than you’ve made. If they went down uh-oh.“You must also look at your debt balances, too.  So if your credit card balances (or lines of credit) went up or down, then they need to be factored in. Don’t forget to identify other ancillary income, whether it be gifts or other income.  Once you do this basic math, you will find your actual cost of living, which serves as the ba seline.”As for the hard way, Menninger recounted how he would create an Excel spreadsheet listing out all his different expense categories, including mortgage, car payments and repairs, gas, food, clothing, insurance, utilities, etc. There was one last column, as well, marked “other.”“Let me tell you,” he said, “the ‘other’ column was second only to the mortgage, and represented discretionary spending. Using his receipts, checkbook, and credit card statements, Menninger regularly updated his spreadsheet. This task may sound extremely tedious, he said, but if you understand the use of Excel, this took me about one hour per month.After keeping this spreadsheet for a couple months, Menninger said he was “was able to ascertain which categories I could trim, and those that I could not.  Hence, the start of budgeting.”Be honest. As a part of her Healthy Money Menu budgeting program, CPA Atiya Brown  (@LiveFinSavvy) has some great advice that every budget would do well to follow:Be honest with your category creations (your Healthy Money Menu should be a helper not hinder). If you eat out you should have a category for that and know how much you are spending.“Categories should be specific, so food should have groceries, lunch or restaurants depending on your habits. Be honest with what you are spending when you prepare your tracking exercise.”Staying honest with your budget might be a little more difficult than you anticipate. Luckily, keeping a close watch on your expenses will also serve as a wake-up call: No matter how you think you’re spending money, your budget will let you know the truth of how you’re actually spending it.Keep your receipts.Author Sharon Marchisello  (@SLMarchisello) recently published a book titled Live Well, Grow Wealth  based on “[her] own experience of living frugally, saving and investing, and retiring early.” She had some tips about how best to go about tracking your expenses.“Make note of anything thats a one-time expenditure,” she said, adding that you should try to avoid making purchases with cash: “Its easier to keep track of spending when you pay by credit or debit card and/or check. Cash tends to get frittered away.”Marchisello recommended that you “hang onto all receipts at least until the expense can be trackedâ€"and longer if its an item that might have to be returned.” She also said that you should keep your receipts from credit card transactions until they can be reconciled with your statement.Start making some tweaks.When it comes to creating more room in your budget, Marchisello observed that it’s “easier to reduce the going out than to augment the coming in but certainly look at both.” In other words: Its easier to spend less money than it is to earn more.Here was her recommended method for cutting back on expenses:“Divide expenses into four categories: absolutely necessary, necessary but reducible, discretionary, and totally unnecessary (like late fe es and excess interest). Cut the low-hanging fruit first. Then take a look at what you value most in your life, and focus your spending accordingly.”You dont have to do everything at once.CPA Belinda Rosenblum (@OwnYourMoney), President of OwnYourMoney.com, has a great strategy for building a budget that you’ll actually stick to.  â€œThe typical ‘budget’ doesnt work for most people,” she said. “They feel limited and scarceâ€"all the time.” Instead, she recommends you do this:Create a goal as an incentive for yourself. Why do you want a budget in the first place? This will be your north star and grounding force to keep coming back to.“Once you track actuals for a month, go through each line item and reduce the expenses where you dont feel you are getting an appropriate Return on Investment. Start with items like cable, phone, and insurance, as you can likely lower your bills with little change in your experience of the service.”Then set a planned amount to spend for each item.”During the month, you dont have to focus on scrimping on every item. Keep the estimates as general guides. Choose only three to five items where you have the most variability, choice, and usually the least longer term return on your dollars. These are your money leaks. Just like the rule of 80/20, these are the 20 percent (or even 5-10 percent) of the items causing 80+ percent of the issues with your budget each month. Focus on reducing and keeping those items in check.”“Once you determine what is an actual amount you can save each month, put it into a separate account to support your goal and check it each week and each month. Celebrate the account increasing as you take steps towards your goal!”Three tips to build your savings.The point of a budget is to free up extra funds that you can use to build an emergency fund, save for retirement, and pay down debt. Brian Davis, co-founder of  SparkRental.com, has two great tips for ways that you can make sure those ext ra financial gains don’t get spent away.First, he had some advice for folks who get paid every two weeks. In any given month, you can only count on receiving paychecks for four weeks’ work,” said Davis. “On months where you receive an extra paycheck, save it!”Second, he recommended that you refrain relying on your own self-discipline by automating your savings. “Discipline will fail you sooner or later,” he said.“There are many ways to automate your savings; you can have your direct deposits split between your checking account and your savings account, or set up automatic transfers to take place every payday, or use apps like Acorns or Chime Bank.”Lastly, Davis had a slightly more advanced tip for those who want to increase their income: finding a renter or subletter to help cover your housing costs!“It could be by renting out a room in your home to a housemate, bringing in a foreign exchange student, renting out storage space, occasionally renting rooms or your home on Airbnb,” he said.Just make sure you read out our recent blog post on how to vet potential renters first!Building a budget isn’t easyâ€"and sticking to one is even harder. But if you want to secure your financial future, it’s something you’re going to need to do. If you want to read more about how you can improve your long-term financial outlook, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyYour Guide to Escaping a Debt Trap8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterDo you have a specific question about budgets youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsMarc Andre is a personal finance blogger at  VitalDollar.com (@vital_dollar), where he writes about saving money, managing money, and ways to make more money. His goal with Vital Dollar is to help individuals and families get the most out of the mon ey they have and to reach their full financial potential. He lives in Pennsylvania with his wife and their two kids (a son and a daughter).AJ Borowsky  (@AskWhatNext) had a successful career in television news as an editor, producer, and technology trainer. Being an entrepreneurial person, AJ wrote What Next: A Proactive Approach to Success and lived the lessons in that book when he opened a business in 2012. Curiosity led him to study financial planning and pass the rigorous CFP exam. Now retired, AJ fills his time with lots of outdoor activities and a financial life coaching practice.Atiya Brown  (@LiveFinSavvy), also known as The Savvy Accountant, is a CPA, CA and Certified Financial Educator Instructor (CFEI ®). She has a passion for building generational wealth and wants to help others do the same. She created the  Live Financially Savvy  podcast to help others lower their debt and build their net worth using techniques from others doing amazing things to Live Financially Savvy !G. Brian Davis is a landlord, personal finance writer, and co-founder of  SparkRental.com, which provides free video courses and rental investing tools for landlords. He spends most of the year overseas, splitting his time between Abu Dhabi, Europe, and his hometown of Baltimore.Sharon Marchisello  (@SLMarchisello) author of  Live Well, Grow Wealth, became interested in personal finance at an early age and was a long-time member and officer of the Marathon Investment Club. She earned a Masters in Professional Writing from the University of Southern California and has published travel articles, short stories, book reviews, and a murder mystery (Going Home, Sunbury Press 2014). She also writes a personal finance blog,  Countdown to Financial Fitness.Michael Menninger, CFP is an affiliated representative with Voya Financial Advisors who provides his clients with financial products and services, always with his clients individual needs foremost in his mind. He uses his experience and wide-ranging business and educational background as a basis for creating financial plans unique to each clients goals and aspirations. Mike focuses in various areas of financial planning including, but certainly not limited to: investment planning, retirement planning, and estate planning strategies; all with an emphasis on providing tax-efficient strategies and solutions.Belinda Rosenblum, CPA (@OwnYourMoney) is the President of  OwnYourMoney.com, a financial coaching and education company. She hosts her own TV show, radio show, and is a member of the National Speakers Association. Belinda is often called on as the financial guru for Boston’s ABC, NBC, and FOX networks, Yahoo! Finance, WomenEntrepreneur.com, Inc.com, SmartMoney.com, Univision.com, Today’s Financial Woman, RI Monthly, the Boston Business Journal, and even the Encyclopedia Britannica.

My Favorite Fact Tank Data - 792 Words

Goo, Sara Kehaulani. Your Favorite Fact Tank Data in 2015. Pew Research Center. Published on December 31, 2015. Accessed February 18, 2016. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/31/your-favorite-fact-tank-data-in-2015/. This article shows that Millennials as of the first quarter of 2015 are the largest number of workers in the workforce. It also stated that they have a 40% approval rating for government limiting free speech rights against minority groups. Howe, Neil, and William Strauss. Millennials Rising: the Next Great Generation. New York: Vintage, 2000. This book is a sequel to the Generations book by the same authors. It is very optimistic about the potential and qualities of the Millennial generation. For instance, they are born in an era when children were viewed more positively, they are more optimistic, cooperative, accepting of authority, rule followers, are the most watched over generation, smart, and believe they can change the future. Jones, Timothy Paul. â€Å"Research Brief and Editorial: The Infamous Evangelical Dropout Statistic: Where it Came From and why it’s a Problem.† Journal of Discipleship and Family Ministry 03, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 2-6. It dispels and tracks the drop out myth of the 1990. That statistic fueled an urgency, but the statistic was wrong. It also discusses how widespread this myth had become because bad news is always popular. Statistics need to have a discerning eye applied to avoid propagating errors. The good news presentedShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The World1710 Words   |  7 PagesCurrently, fossil fuels are the source of over 80% of the world’s energy consumption (â€Å"The Energy†). The possibility of an energy crisis is quickly approaching due to the fact that nations are neglecting to take advantage of renewable energy sources. 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The organizational apparatusRead MoreManaging Fatigue in Aviation Maintenance4745 Words   |  19 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 4.4 Managing Culture †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 5. Practical Countermeasures to Reduce Fatigue †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 5.1 Sleep Patterns and Duration †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 5.2 Data Collection †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 10 5.3 Conclusions and Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 11 6. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 1. Introduction The aviation industry is a 24 hour

I Am My Mother s Abuser - 2054 Words

Vasquez 4 became my mother s abuser. He would yell at her, calling her outside of her name as well as beating her. I witness it all. She told me that it only happens because she wouldn t listen or because she had done something wrong. But none of that made sense to me. Moving along with my adolescence years, mine and my mother s relationship drifted further and further apart. I found myself in my own physically abuse relationship at the age of fourteen till seventeen. When I look at myself, I see so much of my mother and the women she is. The most complex relationship a female will have is the one with her own mother. Because of this natural and special connection that exists between a mother and her†¦show more content†¦These problems combined with their terrible sense of communication are what cause the problems between their relationships in this book. These problems do not start to be resolved until the daughter (June) starts to learn more about where and how her mother (Suyuan) was raised, making her understand and accept their differences. There are many themes the author tries to express to the reader through their Vasquez 5 relationship, such as finding life’s importance, understanding family as well as oneself, and making t he right choices. June and her mother Suyuan have very different feelings and beliefs. This causes the majority of their conflicts. Suyuan has been through a lot of tragic and emotional events in her life. June feels since her mother doesn’t talk about her past then she feels she has no idea who her mother actually is. Suyuan has lost her whole family, and two daughters because the war in China. She fled to America in hopes of forgetting her horrible past and starting fresh with her new family in America. All she wants is the very best for her daughter. So what Suyuan does is instill these values in June telling her she can do and become anything that her heart desires and that she is special. So Suyuan begins to push June into different activities such as dance, and piano. June finds her words encouraging and takes them very serious. After being pushed

Effect of Enzyme Catalese on Hydrogen Peroxide Free Essays

Aim: The aim of the Assessment Task 1 is to investigate the effect of 1)temperature, 2)pH and 3)substrate concentration on the action of enzyme such as catalase on hydrogen peroxide. Background knowledge: Enzymes are organic catalysts composed of proteins that assist organisms in facilitating metabolic reactions without undergoing any change themselves. Enzymes are sensitive to their environment and so must remain within a stable range of factors ( pH, temperature , substrate concentration etc) for them to function. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Enzyme Catalese on Hydrogen Peroxide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Any deviations from this stable state can result in decreased efficiency or even the denaturing (destruction) of the enzyme. What affects enzymes: 1)Temperature- Enzymes stop working if the temperature rises above 40? C. Increasing the temperature alters the 3D shape and so the enzyme can no longer fit the substrate. 2)pH- They work best in neutral conditions neither acidic nor alkaline. 3)Substrate concentration – Increasing the substrate concentration, increases the activiy of the enzymes till it reaches an optimal point beyond which there is no change in the enzyme acitivity. Catalase Enzyme: The activity of an enzyme can be demonstrated using liver, which contains the enzyme, catalase. Hydrogen peroxide breaks down slowly to form water and oxygen. One molecule of Catalase can deal with six million molecules of Hydrogen Peroxide in 1 minute. This breakdown happens rapidly in the present of the Catalase and Oxygen gas evolves rapidly and can be tested with a glowing splint or rising bubbles (variable). Changes in the temperature, acidity (pH) and concentration of the hydrogen peroxide will affect the rate of the reaction. The control was to have a test tube of just substrate without any enzymes present. The validity would be to test each variable in isolation without mixing any of the 3 variables namely, the pH, temp and substrate concentration. The amount of catalase and hydrogen peroxide will remain the same in all the test tubes. Hypothesis: The hypothesis is that since hydrogen peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen gas because of the enzyme, it is expected that with change in temperature of the catalase, oxygen bubbles would form. Apparatus / Equipment used: -test tubes test tube racks -pipettes -Tweezers -Ruler -Water baths (for temperature control) -Ice bucket -Thermometer -Beakers -Hotplates -Measuring cylinder -Vinegar -Bi-Carb Soda -pH paper -pH meters Paper towels to cover up spills -Pen and paper to record results Ingredients used: -Liver ( enzyme called catalase) -Hydrogen Peroxide Equipment setup: The test tubes were setup up in a test tube rack. Ice bucket to cool and hot water bucket to warm were also kept in readiness. Experiment 1 (Temperature): Procedure: 1)I put on the work shirt, goggles, gloves and footwear as a safety measure. 2)I chopped up 3 equal pieces of liver. 3)I placed 1 piece of liver into one test tube each. 4)I prepared 3 test tubes each containing 10ml of hydrogen peroxide. 5)I setup a water baths with 100 Celcius temperature, for temperature control using the thermometer, to ensure the correct temperature was maintained. 6)I placed 2 test tubes containing liver and hydrogen peroxide each into the water bath. )When the correct temperature was reached, I quickly transferred the liver using tweezers into the test tube containing hydrogen peroxide from the same water bath 8)I looked for any oxygen bubbles rising up in the test tube and measured the rise using a ruler 9)I repeated the above steps with 350 Celcius temperature. 10)I repeated the above steps with 350 Celcius temperature. 11)I allowed the test tube contents to cool down before disposing off the liquid waste into the sink with plenty of water and the solid waste contents carefully into the appropriate bin. 12)I rinsed all apparatus used and dried them for future use. Results of Experiment 1: It was observed that with 100 C, the temperature was too low and there was not enough heat for Catalase to catalyse the reaction well. At 350C temperature, the bubbles produced froth and it appeared like all the enzymes were catalyzing reactios. When the temperature rose to 500C, the bubbles went down, indicating that the temperature was too high, resulting in a breakdown of the enzyme called denaturation. The results when plotted resulted in a bell shaped curve. As temperature increases so to does the kinetic energy of the enzyme and substrate molecules which randomly collide. The frequency of collisions increases as the temperature increases thus initially increasing the rate of reaction. This occurs up to a maximum rate of reaction and the temperature at which the maximum rate of reaction is reached is referred to as the optimum temperature. Beyond the optimum temperature, increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules to the point that the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme can be lost. Thus the shape of its active site changes and can no longer bind to the substrate, reducing the rate of reaction beyond the optimum temperature. How to cite Effect of Enzyme Catalese on Hydrogen Peroxide, Essay examples

Business Ethics Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Ethicsfor Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Answer: Introduction Nurse Denied CPR to Elderly Patient who Died I was reading an article which stated that a female nurse refused to give CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) to Ms. Lorraine Bayless who is an 87 year old lady. The lady collapsed in the senior residence and the nurse refused as it is a part of companys rules and regulations (Welie and ten Have 2014, p.1). I am disheartened and shocked to hear that nurses are behaving with patients in an ill-treated way as their duty is to provide all types of help during emergencies. The nurse dialed 911 and reported that lady was not breathing, so the dispatcher over the phone told her to provide CPR but the nurse refused stating that they do not have any permission to provide CPR as mentioned in the employers organizational policy. But the dispatcher requested her to ask any other person standing nearby so that that suffering lady can receive CPR. The nurse replied she was in a dining room and she cannot tell others to provide CPR to the lady as they do not have any knowledge. Does the company policy inhibit one from saving the life of another individual? It shocked me because nurses not only know what to do in the emergency cases like this, they are supposed to care enough to do that. I will start to explain this situation using egoism theory. According to the egoist consults, they highlight that nothing is beyond one advantage when deciding how to act. One should not operate on the principle of self-interest. The upright moral action is the one which among all the possible act provide the greatest balance of benefit to harm for the moral aspect. In this situation, the nurse ought to have provided the CPR to the patient despite the company policy that discourages so (Victor and Cullen, 1987). The issue of the company policy about the nurse independent seniors resident not giving nurses care is an unethical practice. This horrible act of the nurse refusing to give permission to anyone else to get the emergency instructions from the 911 dispatcher is the most difficult act no matter what kind of home this was. Further, according to John Stuart Mill in his theory of utilitarianism, he highlights that we all should always act to produce on the greatest possible balance of the good over the evil to every individual who has been affected by our actions (Leininger and McFarland, 2002). A good policy should promote the general welfare more than the other alternative. This I found to be true in that despite the company policy in place the humane thing the senior nurse could have done is at least permit the passerby to do the CPR if at all she was afraid to lose her job. She should have brought objectivity to the decision-making. John encourages the organizations to focus on the results of the actions and the policies rather not on the ruling out certain classes of the actions in advance. There should have been exceptions to the non-health care residences in case of emergencies situations, especially the one that was involving the senior nurse who should have done what she was trained to do that is to administer CPR when someone stops to breathe. If in the situation the nurse was precluded from providing the CPR we could ask ourselves what was she doing there in the first place? The policy of Brookdale Senior Living who runs the nursing home was not clear what the nurse should do in case an emergency occurs. The public statement made by Brookdale is that nurse has misinterpreted the guidelines of the company. Brookdale told they have legal documents like Physicians Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment (POLST) and advanced health care directives which outline steps to take during an emergency( Urden and Dineen 2015, p.10).The fact is there should be a proper communication between the doctor and the nurse regarding emergencies so that lives are not lost. Either there will or will not be an intervention during emergencies. I believe that if you are sure that you do not want to be resuscitated when the breathing is stopped, let others know where you stay and the requirements so that this information will be available (Hammes et al. 2012, pp.77-85). If you have a statement that is correct where you do not need resuscitation and you stop breathing, then 911 should not be dialed. Paramedics will need to attempt CPR for every time. The question is why every person do not have a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order or statement? This statement should be available to everyone and this will help to overcome dangers in emergency situations. Usage of the Social Media for the Youth and Training the Elders and their Caregivers There exists a group of young people who have grown up in the Internet era who engage with social media on a regular basis. Their personal identity and the natural environment exist only in social media itself. The social media provides the youth a space for connecting with others, expressing and sharing ideas, etc. Though social media is a boon for most of the people whether sharing ideas, recruiting candidates, video chatting, etc, I want to suggest that this new technology and thus new medium of expression raises some ethical issues that needs to be pondered. I want to argue is it ethical for studying the material related to advertising, which is showcased in social media targeting the group who have not yet reached the maturity level for participating in these advertising surveys and are unable to provide the right answer? As parents are more mature, they should be the target group and I believe it should be more ethical approach for surveying. But, people need to know that the p olicy setting of the social media changes frequently. Like, Facebook reviews all the ads targeting the people aged below 18 years of age, their policies regarding to privacy changes without prior information and there is unavailability of mechanism for confirming someones age that is declared online. The social media, the web as well as technologies are increasingly being used in the health care and support directly the patient-centered care especially the elderly. According to the theory of Smith invisible hand argues when individual are left to pursue their interests they will, without intending it, produce the greatest good for all (Watson, 2006). I disagree with this concept if the regulation is not enforced for the youth on what they do on the internet there would be the great catastrophe which will happen. The parent should supervise what they view, watch or perhaps comment. There should be mechanisms for confirming on the privacy of individuals especially when they are doing the survey of sensitive health issues; anonymity could be essential. Just like the normative theory highlights us should all perform the actions which bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number? The social media plans a significant impact on both the youth and the senior citizens (Watso n, 2006). Therefore it is the sole duty of the companies to put the mechanism in place to protect the privacy of individuals who rely on their personal information in the media especially the internet. Nonetheless, the youth need to perform the actions, especially when using the internet that accords to a given set of rules that are accepted. The exploitation of the medical social media in the healthcare application would require a careful reflection of the roles as well as responsibilities. Confidence and privacy need to be preserved carefully. The patient-physician relationship could suffer on both end since private information of both the healthcare provider and the consumer could be accessible through the internet. Preservation of anonymity when carrying a survey and citing the content of internet need to be crucial. Like the youths, the elderly patients have some rights for using social media. Recently there were various efforts for the elderly patients for training their brain with the help of social media sites so that they can improve their memory and skills related to cognitive (Househ et al. 2014, pp.50-58). There are various videos related to nature, art, history, etc to train them. But all the videos may not fully help all the patients to get interested. I suggest that the future projects should be well informed that should be beneficial for every elder. Another step that could be taken by providing tutorials and workshops that are relevant related to consent decisions and ensure to keep and process the consent record in a safe way (Goodall et al. 2014, pp.728-738).The process related to consenting must involve all the interested shareholders and stakeholders which includes the patients, the caregivers and health professionals so that there is an understanding among everyone. Ethical Issue in Abortion I have always held the opinion that every individual has the inherent right to life. The right to life is inherent in a person, human beings. Have always regarded abortion as a murder unless in the situation when the life of the mother is at risk (Reckwitz, 2002). The doctor should always have the best interest of the patient. They need to access objectively as well as meticulously on all the available diagnostic and the therapeutic options and implement the ones that protect and promote the interest of the patients by ensuring the balance of the good over the harm. From the consequential perspective (teleological) motive should be more significant than the outcome. In this situation, we could ask ourselves what the best outcome is. The answer to this would be right should reign over the wrong. The doctor needs to analyze the situation and find the best alternative for the patient. If the situation puts the life of the mother at stake then and only then can be abortion be done (Reckw itz, 2002). According to some proponents of abortion, they highlight that committing abortion is morally justified. An individual is not under tan obligation to conceive children if it could harm to their life or stop them from achieving certain worthwhile things. On my view I regard this not to be true, every individual has the right to live unless under exceptional circumstances when the life of another is at risk (Mutcherson 2015, pp.206-210). We clearly know that life is present from the moment of conception according to modern biology. According to Deontological perspective, Kantian ethics agree that right should surpass the wrong. There is a need to recognize on the worth and the dignity of the human beings as part of our individual moral nature. Every person needs to act morally by involving our self-conscious acceptance of the constraints or perhaps the rule to take place on the limit on the pursuit of what we are planning. Killing an innocent human being is morally wrong ev en though it is just a fetus and one would live with the consequences of that act (Saenz 2014, pp.475-482). To conclude, I am of the view that terminating a pregnancy is of serious concern. It will always remain a serious matter to any girl or women who chooses to abort for whatever the reason. It is a choice that a girl has to live with it till death. No matter the reasoning or rationalization she will choose to justify her choice. She is the only one who has to deal with various emotions to follow her choice, guilt, beg for forgiveness and wonder for the rest of the life if the decision taken was right or not. I do not believe that it is a choice a woman could make and then forget about because her humanity was never questioned. Making the choice would be torment and agony enough, yet I firmly believe it is still her choice. Entrepreneurs Facing Ethical Challenges What is a typical day like for entrepreneurs? Surely it has some ups and down. There are ethical problems which may affect their daily tasks. For instance, according to the theory of capitalist, it argues that in any organization its primary objective is to make profits. Based on this fact any business tends to business to make a profit despite these activities affecting the community or individuals. (Reckwitz, 2002) There are particular ethical dilemmas to every profession as well as industry. The difficulty the entrepreneurs face is more formidable and difficult to manage. For instance, the startup business has no infrastructure for addressing ethical challenges and to be frank these entrepreneurs have little time or perhaps focus on monitoring their behavior. Many marriages and relationships are destroyed or on the verge of destruction as the entrepreneurs are fully consumed in building the startup (Eddleston and Powell 2012, pp.513-541). But there is no guarantee whether the startup will be successful. So what are the strategies that need to be taken where there will be less risk of neglect regarding divorce, relationship with friends and others (Crosetto and Regner 2014, p.035)? Most startups do not become rich. According to my view, there should be an open discussion with the family and friends whether the rewards of undertaking the enterprise (in the event it is successful) justify taking the risk. The central question to address is should our ambition impact on our happiness? In most of the time, individuals start their business and channel all their time and resources to that business. Consequently, the individual does not have time for their families and the business sometimes do not end up becoming successful (Onyemah et al. 2013, pp.74-79)? There is a need to balance between personal time and business. Priorities need to be set to balance the two aspects. Deontology perspective of non-consequentialists believed that we need to appeal more for instance on the prioritize we set than the consequences from the outcome (Reckwitz, 2002). This will undoubtedly help determine the moral worth of the actions taken. One, therefore, should ask is the work am taking it is morally accepted, even in the event it might lead to a right or adverse outcome in particular circumstances? References Bailey, F.A., Allen, R.S., Williams, B.R., Goode, P.S., Granstaff, S., Redden, D.T. and Burgio, K.L., 2012. Do-not-resuscitate orders in the last days of life. Journal of palliative medicine, 15(7), pp.751-759. Braun, U.K., 2016. Experiences with POLST: Opportunities for Improving Advance Care Planning. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(10), pp.1111-1112. Crosetto, P. and Regner, T., 2014. Crowdfunding: Determinants of success and funding dynamics. Jena Economic Research Papers, 2014, p.035. Eddleston, K.A. and Powell, G.N., 2012. Nurturing entrepreneurs' workfamily balance: A gendered perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), pp.513-541. Goodall, K.T., Newman, L.A. and Ward, P.R., 2014. Improving access to health information for older migrants by using grounded theory and social network analysis to understand their information behaviour and digital technology use. European journal of cancer care, 23(6), pp.728-738. Hammes, B.J., Rooney, B.L., Gundrum, J.D., Hickman, S.E. and Hager, N., 2012. The POLST program: a retrospective review of the demographics of use and outcomes in one community where advance directives are prevalent. Journal of palliative medicine, 15(1), pp.77-85. Hinman, L.M., 2013. Abortion: An Overview of the Ethical Issues. Househ, M., Borycki, E. and Kushniruk, A., 2014. Empowering patients through social media: the benefits and challenges. Health informatics journal, 20(1), pp.50-58. Korda, H. and Itani, Z., 2013. Harnessing social media for health promotion and behavior change. Health promotion practice, 14(1), pp.15-23. Leininger, M. and McFarland, M.R., 2002. Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research and practice. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(3), p.261. Madden, M., 2012. Privacy management on social media sites. Pew Internet Report, pp.1-20. Madejski, M., Johnson, M. and Bellovin, S.M., 2012, March. A study of privacy settings errors in an online social network. In Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PERCOM Workshops), 2012 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 340-345). IEEE. Mutcherson, K., 2015. When is an abortion not an abortion?.The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics,43(2), pp.206-210. Onyemah, V., Pesquera, M.R. and Ali, A., 2013. What entrepreneurs get wrong. Harvard Business Review, 91(5), pp.74-79. Reckwitz, A., 2002. Toward a theory of social practices a development in culturalist theorizing. European journal of social theory, 5(2), pp.243-263. Saenz, V., 2014. On Abortion, Capital Punishment, Surrogate Decision-making, and Genetic Enhancement.Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,39(5), pp.475-482. Ulrich, P. and Sarasin, C. eds., 2012. Facing public interest: The ethical challenge to business policy and corporate communications (Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media. Urden, L.D. and Dineen, K.K., 2015. Ethical and Legal Issues.Priorities in Critical Care Nursing, p.10. Victor, B. and Cullen, J.B., 1987. A theory and measure of ethical climate in organizations. Research in corporate social performance and policy, 9(1), pp.51-71. Watson, J., 2006. Caring theory as an ethical guide to administrative and clinical practices. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 30(1), pp.48-55. Welie, J.V. and ten Have, H.A., 2014. The ethics of forgoing life-sustaining treatment: theoretical considerations and clinical decision making.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine,9(1), p.1.

Agony And Ectacy Essays - Michelangelo, House Of Medici,

Agony and Ectacy THEME: When looking at the life of one of historys greatest men, the lessons we might learn are countless, despite Irving Stones fictional twists. Before we can begin to examine The Agony and the Ecstasy, we must understand Michelangelo and other artists as Stone saw them. Stone considered the artist a creator as well as a part of creation, just as God is seen in many of todays ideologies. Michelangelos life can likewise be paralleled to Genesis. At first Michael is lonely and friendless, he then decides to take up and apprenticeship and create works of art just as the Lord years to love and creates man. His creation however will face the evils of envy and jealousy just as we must in our everyday-lives. Knowing this we can best point out several themes and ideas one of which is the idea that we are always under the Lords watch and that while we may not always notice his deeds he is listening. This idea of God is personified in Bertolodo but may also be seen through Michelangelos life itself. Time and time again he is spared from the anger of unsatisfied customers by the popes (messengers from God). While the popes also seem to cause him troubles however the reality of the matter is that their imposings actually benefit him and when they do not the Pope seems to conveniently pass away. It is because of Guilio that Michelangelo betters himself by becoming an engineer and because of Paul III becomes an architect, finally, through Julius he expands his trade to bronze. Yet another of the many clear themes is the majesty and divinity of art but most importantly its required devotion and incapability with business and social life. SETTING: The Agony and the Ecstasy gives the reader a vivid view into the world of Michelangelo Buonarroti. Detailed descriptions of the people, culture and architecture of Italy actually are vividly portrayed. Cities included are Rome, Florentine, Settigano and Bologna during the 80 years of Michelangelos career in the 13th and 14th centuries. BASIC PLOT: Just as his father, the young Florentine boy examining his reflection in the mirror of his cramped bedroom, while most of Florence slept, was unfortunate enough to have been born at the wrong time. Moreover, just as his father, Michelangelo Buonarroti would inherit a longevity of life during which he would encounter great people, making long-lasting friendships with some of the most famous in Europe, discovering heated rivalries and malices between the most powerful and feared men of over half a century and forge passionate eternal love affairs with the most beautiful women of Italy. For now however Michelangelo would have to attend to more urgent matters in particular his application for apprenticeship under Florences greatest painter of the time, Ghirlandaio. It took little convincing for the great master to discover the talent in Michelangelo that his apprentice and Michelangelos only friend, Granacci, had spoken about. The greatness of this talent was perhaps best exemplified when Ghirlandaio actually decided to pay Michelangelo for his apprenticeship in order to appease the boys extremely frugal yet lazy father Lodovico. Despite his impoverished familys protests, Michelangelo continued his apprenticeship, he was working as an artist, for once in his life he found friendships and a feeling of belonging through the other apprentices; nothing could draw him away from his vocation except of course, the passion and yearning that had drawn him to the apprenticeship. When he first applied to become Ghirlandaios apprentice, he had done so only because his birth had missed the great era of Florentine sculpting by several decades. Since he was a small child living on the family farm in Settigano, near the rock quarries of the Topolinos, Michelangelo yearned to wield the hammer and chisel, to model shapeless and plain marble into models of beauty. His master understood this quiet plainly and thus when Lorenzo Medici, the most richest and most powerful man in Europe after the pope, requested two of his apprentices for his new school of sculpting, Ghirlandaio knew plainly who he must release from his contract. Although greatly disappointed about having to leave Ghirlandaio, with whom he had grown attached, Michelangelo was overwhelmed with joy

life is a journy Essay Example

life is a journy Essay Example life is a journy Essay life is a journy Essay Life is like a Journey, the longer you travel the more experience you will gain, some of those experience will be very memorable and will become hard to forget. That memorable moment will pierce into your heart, attached to your brain like a new born attached to his mother. My life Journey Just began, but IVe already made some un forgettable experiences that taught me so much about life and the people around me, shaping me to the person that Im today. One of those moments began when my father a poor lementary school teacher decided that it was time for a change in our familys life. He was tired of seeing other families in luxury while he couldnt afford to buy his family dinner. That day came when my father decided to move to the United States of America in search of a better life or perhaps to chase his American dream. My father left us with my mother, and promised us he will come back to get us after two months. He took 200 dollars in his pocket leaving us with 50 dollars to get by for the next 2 months. Trying to get on 50 dollars for two months isnt easy especially if you have to buy gas every day to sustain heat inside your house. My mother tried her best to use those 50 dollars but failed, it seemed as if the price of very thing has doubled. The money didnt last us 20 days after that I knew we were going to go broke for the next 40 days which seemed as if they were 40 years. I felt useless when I saw my mothers tears drop because she couldnt provide food for us, she could provide anything during dinner time except for some bread and water. We were latterly that broke even our fridge started making growling noises because it was empty with out a single thing in it except for its plastics parts, I guess it was Just like our stomachs empty and shallow. After a couple of days I couldnt stand the situation we were in, it was time for me to man up and become the man of the house I dint want to see my mother cry or my sisters hungry. Many ideas started coming up to my head such as stealing or asking other family members for money, but I couldnt do any of those I felt like I had too uch pride in my self to commit some thing as pitiful as that. I decide to do something else which seem to me as lame as can be, but I didnt have any other choice. I decided to go to the farmers market that was held every Saturday and pick all the unwanted things the farmers threw away. It wasnt a pleasant thing to do and most of the thing I got would disgust an animal if he saw them but again I ahs no choice and I didnt want to relay on anyone else. We want on like that for a life is a journy By Yama-Merrouche

Enterprise Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Enterprise Skills - Assignment Example Entrepreneurialism mattered less and remained so for long although we can see the importance it plays in the economy at present. Ward asserts that we are in the third phase of the industrial revolution marked by telecommunications, nanotechnology, and information technology (IT), robotics and biotechnology. The traits of the present revolution include breakthroughs and harnessing scientific knowledge. Technological changes have brought social impacts in the present world. A fast response time is a requirement for the emerging mass customization. There has been the emergence of skills divide over the last decade, and the gap between skilled and unskilled labor has grown immensely. High-skilled labor demand has been on the increase for the present technological change. On the other hand, there has been automation or outsourcing of low-skilled labor to low-wage countries. Martinez et al.  assert that, in the new economy, many people have accepted the increasing relevance of entrepreneurship in job creation. However, he argues that a few exhaustive studies on the subject exist. This means that people are still viewing entrepreneurship with a negative attitude. Galloway et al. mention that it is not large industrial companies that drive the growth of modern economies, but rather small and new businesses. The concepts of innovation and flexibility are fundamentally crucial in the present shift of economic focus. Entrepreneurial economy and the past industrial capitalist economy are similar in that both have innovation, exploitation of innovation and creation as economic drivers. Ward mentions refer to this present time as the ‘Age of Personal Sovereignty’ in which, unlike the previous generations, there are several choices for individuals to make.

Arguing from Multiple SOURCES- Position Paper Essay

Arguing from Multiple SOURCES- Position Paper - Essay Example â€Å"There is yet one more notable thing about this class that I would like to mention. You have helped to make Middlebury a more diverse and inclusive place than it was four years ago – which brings me to the theme I particularly want to discuss this afternoon. Your class is statistically the most diverse, and the most international, ever to graduate from Middlebury. That has certainly affected – and I would say greatly improved – the education you have received here.† Both McWhorter and Liebowitz agree that diversity is a positive step to improving the lives of many. So why, therefore, do some universities use racial discrimination in the selection of students; accepting only the bare minimum of non-whites to the institution in order not to appear racist; instead of using SAT scores and grades as meritocratic tool to admit students. Students do not just go to university in order to forge a well educated, national elite (McWhorter pg.438, ch.4), but also to enrich their own lives, to have a once in a lifetime experience where groups of people of relatively the same age can come together and socialize and form bonds as well as improve and change the order of thinking. â€Å"Since my undergraduate days, however, elite universities have come to mean something much different when they speak of â€Å"diversity†: having as many brown faces on campus, regardless of standards.† In both cases there would be racial discomfort, with the minority only interacting within their own community and not socializing with the larger university community. This would also cause segregation inside and between fraternity and sorority houses. If universities were to remove the diversity preference part of their recruitment program they therefore would have to admit students according to intellect, for example: SAT results and grades instead even if this, as much as it proves valid, has the problem that their past

Introduction And Project Methodology Management Essay

Introduction And Project Methodology Management Essay As firms grow the role of the founder needs to change (Burns 2007, p242). For the growth of a firm as well as for the behaviour of its entrepreneur-cum-leader, academic and business knowledge offers numerous simplistic models and frameworks. A key question is not only whether these models from two different subjects growth model on one hand and leadership model on the other hand fit together, but whether a certain industry with certain entrepreneurs demonstrates behaviour different to theory. In this project, the group will explore how different entrepreneurs with different leadership styles and personality can still be successful in taking their creation through different stages of business growth for the same product/ service and how they can continue to maintain the differentiation. In the assignment, we will also test our findings (matching patterns and exceptions) with what we have studied in this module. Greiners five phase growth model and five stages of a business growth have been used (and sometime interchangeably) by us to test patterns from practice with theory for the low cost airlines (LCC low cast carriers). Project Methodology First, we did a group discussion to familiarise with the topic of growth stages and leadership approaches based on material of the MBA modules Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management and Perspectives of Leadership. Section 2 gives a brief overview of the groups understanding of leadership approaches from academic knowledge and experience to be linked with practical evaluation later. As from the second step the focus was from practice to theory which is covered in Section 3. We decided for the Low-Cost-Carrier Industry to be evaluated. Third, we defined which LCC Airlines to be evaluated and compared to each other and which features would be evaluated. Second and third stage of the project methodology is covered by Section 3.1. Fourth, we collected primary and secondary data through intense research in press, internet, articles, personal interviews, etc. and bundled them into a template (see Appendix 2). Fifth, we evaluated and compared the collected data for analysing as result (section 3.3). Sixth, the results were interpreted to derive key messages and to test models (with what we have learnt in the MBA module on Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management) (section 3.4). At last, we felt responsible to use our findings for recommendations for the future of the LCC organisations and its entrepreneurs (Section 3.5). A conclusion covers the project groups lessons learned based on this project (section 4). 2. Groups Understanding and Theoretical Background Academic research and general knowledge gives us frameworks to investigate practical examples of entrepreneurs concerning the development of their business and of themselves as leaders. Hence it is important to point out what kind of understanding the group has in terms of business growth models as well as entrepreneurial personality and leadership. 2.1. Growth Models Our groups understanding of business growth is definitely not that growth is the shortest connection between the starting point and the current point of time. Growth demonstrates phases of business increase as well as of decrease, stability, crisis, and changes. One of the most used growth models was developed by Greiner (1972) who pointed out alternating phases of evolution (creativity, direction, delegation, coordination, collaboration) and of revolution (leadership, autonomy, control, red tape). Each phase of growth is followed by a crisis that necessitates a change in the way the founder manages the business if it is to move on and continue to grow (Burns 2007, p210). Churchill and Lewis (1983) developed a growth model covering five stages of existence, survival, success, take-off, and maturity. Very close to this is the five-stage model proposed by Scott and Bruce (1987) embracing the stages of inception, survival, growth, expansion, and maturity with focus on top management role, management style, and organizational structure. At least Burns (1996) suggested a four-stage model covering stages of existence, survival, success and take-off and summarizing the main business imperatives as a firm grows in terms of the orientation of the firm (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) (Burns 2007, p218). After an evaluation of several models the project group decided to consider Greiners five phase growth model and five stages of business growth as the theoretical framework to compare our findings. 2.2. Leadership Our group understanding of leadership is that it is a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people. For our investigations on entrepreneurs we are aware that there is a difference between leadership and management. The 7-S framework used in strategic management provides a distinction that managers rely on strategy, structure and systems whereas leaders are concerned with the soft Ss of style, staff, skills and shared goals. A key questions discussed in this group was Is an entrepreneur a manager or a leader? At least he is both in one person. Hence it is valuable to consider both of an entrepreneur his managerial role as well as his leadership approach. Mintzberg (1990) classifies the activities of organized sets of behavior associated with a position based on formal authority and status. He points out ten managerial roles divided into three groups which are linked to the evaluations of this project in section 3.4. Regarding general approaches to leadership, we face in real business life, there is no mutual exclusiveness. Hence contemporary entrepreneurs may demonstrate several leadership approaches in one person. For this project, main leadership models of historic and contemporary research were to be considered, such as leadership as a behavioral category, the styles of leadership approach, the situational approach of contingency theories, the transformational leadership approach and inspirational or visionary leadership. 3. From Practice to Theory 3.1. Frame of Evaluation We decided that to ensure valuable evaluation, the industry of choice should be a young industry and it should provide industry and market growth within the last ten to thirty years, several start-ups associated with single entrepreneurial idea, and some industry consolidation. To bring in domain knowledge, we discussed that the whole group should be familiar with the industry either as customers or as managers working in that industry. At last we decided on the Low-Cost-Carrier (LCC) Industry since we all are frequent customers and one group member is in charge of a full service airline in a leading management position. 3.1.1. The Low Cost Carrier Industry A low-cost carrier or low-cost airline (also known as a no-frills, discount or budget carrier or airline) is an airline that generally has lower fares as compared to full service airlines like British Airways, KLM, Air France, Lufthansa, American Airlines, etc.. To make up for the revenue lost in decreased ticket price, the airline may charge for extras like food, priority boarding, seat allocation, baggage etc.. The key characteristics of LCCs are multiple frequencies on a short/mid haul sectors, quick turnaround, secondary/tertiary airports, offerings in economy class only, usage of web/call centre based reservation system and not the GDS (Global Distribution systems), no food and rarely any loyalty programme. Low-cost carriers should not be confused with regional airlines that operate short flights without service, or with full-service airlines offering some reduced fares. The reasons why LCC airlines came up in practice dates back to 1960s. Until late 1960s, travelling by air was restricted to the higher classes of the society. Only from 1960s, it percolated to the upper middle class, as costs came down and the fuel prices were low. There was increased demand for the huge middle class to travel by air if the same became cheaper. This underlying need was captured by the entrepreneurs in the form of Low Cost Carriers which was pioneered by Southwest Airlines in USA and was replicated in different ways all over the world. The momentum gathered steam with the increased globalization and integration from 1980s onward. The regulatory regime defined by agreements between countries or regional groupings became more liberal and the frequencies of flights increased bringing the overall cost platform down. Further, the cost of the aircrafts and air travel came down due to the technological improvements leading to lower cost at higher volume. The technological strides in ICT (information and communication technology) brought the booking system of the airlines at the doorstep of the passenger. He could be sitting in his environment, book a ticket, choose his own seat and print a boarding card. This reduction in costs due to technological innovations opened up an opportunity for LCC to establish its foothold by cutting on costs at different steps of its supply chain. According to Vesper (1990) the LCC industry demonstrates execution of two business entry strategies. Firstly, the strategy to develop a better product or service which is appropriate because of unsatisfied demand in terms of cheap flights providing no frills. The established competitors on the carrier market such as British Airways, KLM, Lufthansa etc. reacted against these new entrants but more or less very late. Hence some LCC airlines already established their own operations. Second, the strategy to meet supply shortages, particularly on the short-haul marke t, there was a market parallel to the railway industry. Currently, in spite of demand and supply in balance, some LCC airlines maintain their competitive advantages and continue to drive the market. Since there were numerous LCC airlines operating globally (Appendix 1), considerations in deciding for LCC airlines to be investigated were to ensure diversity over different geographical markets to emphasise on a whole industry in terms of entrepreneurial behaviour and availability of information. We decided on 5 airlines as mentioned in table 1. (Please refer to Appendix 2 for data). Table 1: Companies and entrepreneurs to be investigated 3.1.2. Key Evaluation Features Burns (2007, p30) points out four different influences on owner-managers and entrepreneurs. Whereas culture of society and situational factors are not the focus of this project, personal character traits and antecedent influences were investigated to draw a picture of the individual background of the entrepreneurs. In addition we looked at individual leadership approach. In terms of organizational development and business growth we focused on five milestones (Table 2). Table 2: Key features to be evaluated on chosen entrepreneur and his LCC airline. Derived from the collected data based on the key features described above, three main issues were investigated to ensure a solution on growth models and associated leadership approaches in the LCC industry at least: Why did they succeed whereas so many after and before them failed? Development of the culture in the organization if any Recommendations for the future 3.2. Data Please see Appendix 2 for the secondary data that were gathered through research on internet, press and media, newspapers, and television. 3.3. Results The key question for description and interpretation of the results is Is there any pattern or consistency over all evaluated LCC airlines or not? In terms of the investigated background and leadership of the founders Burns describes antecedent influences on an entrepreneur which are most likely to result in them successfully growing their business (2007, p45): Well-educated: Two (Air Berlin and Ryan Air) of five investigated entrepreneurs do not have any academic graduation whereas the other three entrepreneurs have diverse degrees from Bachelor to Honorary PhDs. But all of them already had broad and in-depth managerial and professional experience at the point of time of idea generation. Starts business because of positive motivations. All entrepreneurs had positive motivations towards their own idea and were convinced strongly that their business will be successful and will grow. Leaves managerial job to start business: This was found to be different. Although all entrepreneurs had managerial experience before, their prevailing last step before becoming an entrepreneur in LCC industry was distinct. One was unemployed (Air Berlin), two had their own business (Southwest and Easy Jet), one was manager in the same LCC organization (Ryan Air), and one (Air Asia) was manager in a different industry. Middle-aged (or very young?): We found a range between 28-40 in the age of the entrepreneurs for the point of time of the businesses starting point. They were 28 (Easy Jet), 30 (Ryan Air), 37 (AirAsia), 40 (Air Berlin), and 40 (Southwest) years old. Obviously no one entrepreneur was close to retirement and no one was very young (begin of twenties or even younger). Willing to share ownership of business: All entrepreneurs shared ownership from the very beginning but in different ways and it is not obvious whether they had a general inclination to that or whether it was needed, e.g. to collect enough money for their start-up. In terms of personal character traits all of the following were founded as high in every investigated entrepreneur: Commitment, determination and opportunity obsession. Tolerance of risk, ambiguity and uncertainty. Creativity, self reliance and ability to excel. Most of the entrepreneurs pioneered the LCC model for their home market as first mover and developed LCC business models later. Control and rewards. We saw very strong control by the entrepreneur in all investigated organizations mostly aiming to bring down costs. In terms of values, ethics, beliefs and norms all of the entrepreneurs worked very hard (Everything for the company) and expected a similar inclination from their staff. In daily business they appreciate each resource and hence aim to be most efficient. Concerning leadership all entrepreneurs provided an autocratic and patriarchic style with strong control, centralized decision-making and high closeness to their employees. A vision is part of their leadership approach as well derived more or less obviously from their individual targets for their life. Honesty, reliability and action as an example are further aspects; they all practice what they preach. This remains even during the growth of their businesses but the entrepreneurs developed different leadership styles. Some tried to keep the autocratic style whereas others tended to be more participative but all of them kept strong control. According to a major research study of the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, the most effective leader provides four common characteristics: Delegation of authority and avoidance of close supervision; interest and concern in their subordinates as individuals; participative problem-solving; high standards of performance. Except t he former and the latter we found all aspects in later stages of growth but not consistently and not whilst the inception stage. Regarding the motive for entrepreneurship, it is obvious that there is consistency in the way of idea generation. In all of the five airlines, idea for LCC was generated by individuals. For Southwest and Ryan Air, there were more people involved in implementation in addition to idea generator. Two of the promoters (Air Berlin and Air Asia) were forced to choose entrepreneurship due to professional circumstances. There has been a considerable variance in the duration of the inception phase/ start-up. For example this phase in the case of Air Asia lasted for a year but for Air Berlin it took about ten years. But generally the other airlines exhibited a period of around five years. All organizations were run by the promoters except Ryan Air which had Michael Leary as its head due to the losses at Ryan Air. Financials were pooled by the promoters themselves but there was a variance in the financial capabilities from deep pockets to just enough money to make operations run for a year. Two of the entrepreneurs (Easy Jet and Ryan Air) had strong financial backing. In terms of environmental factors (PESTER) each airline had a different set of compelling factors. Due to the dismantling of the Berlin wall, airlines had a new segment opening up which was tapped by Air Berlin (political). Low fares attract more customers; try to wean away customers from other modes of transport tapped by all the LCCs (economic). The target consumer base for budget airlines was enormous: 500 million people live within three hours of Air Asias hubs in Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok, more than Western Europes entire population (social). Ryan Air started when there was a partial de-regulation changing the way the airlines flew (regulation). Consistency in all LCC airlines was evaluated in terms of delegation (highly centralized with all the major decisions being made by the promoters/funders), coordination (there was a very high level of coordination in three airlines while high coordination in two them), and control (in Air Berlin there was very high level of control, while in the other airlines it ranged from medium to high). For all the airlines the survival and growth stage has been a pretty long time except for Air Asia which has achieved tremendous growth in the few years of its start-up. In this stage the LCC airlines demonstrated some small distinct behavior. The delegation level increased during this phase of the business except in the case of Air Berlin which followed low delegation. Coordination was medium in Easy Jet while was high in the remaining four. Control was very high in Air Berlin, high in Southwest, Ryan Air and AirAsia, and was medium in Easy Jet. In four of the airlines original founder and management team are in place. The only exception is Easy Jet which had a CEO right from its start-up in 1995. This could be because the founder of Easy Jet had been a business man before this start-up and knew well how to delegate and where to focus. Clear patterns of consistency can be seen in that all the airlines went for IPO in this phase, thus showing the willingness of entrepreneurs to share the growth of the firm. Furthermore, all LCC airlines took equity stakes and formed alliances with other airlines. For example Air Asia formed a partnership with Shin corporation in Thailand, Easy Jet purchased a 40% stake in Swiss charter airline TEA Basle. The reasons were two fold one to take care of certain regulatory issues in their markets and secondly to help grow faster. In addition all airlines initiated cost cutting techniques to take on the competition. In the maturity stage the delegation level decreased for two of the airlines (Ryan Air and Southwest) in view of the precarious business model while continues low for Air Berlin. For Easy Jet and Air Asia the delegation level remains high. On the other hand coordination and control are on high level in all airlines. All the founders maintain a very high level of control on the overall strategy and functioning of the airlines. The external environment factors like the financial crisis, high oil prices, etc. have had the effect on the management structure and control mechanisms for majority of the airlines. There also have been roll backs on the investment plans. The promoters continue to hold power. Diversified equity base in terms of type of shareholders, further additional finances were raised through debt. We perceive a clear distinction in terms of strategy and business models. Except for Air Berlin and Air Asia which have a hub and spoke model, all the airlines offer a point to point service. All LCC carriers have the same configuration of aircraft but Air Berlin differs on this aspect too. LCCs achieve breakeven at much lower level of load factors (seat occupancy) than a Full Service Carrier. It has been observed that in all the LCCs, the primary focus is to have high load factor in order to make good profits. All the LCCs evaluated have a high on-time performance, offering customer the facility to make a reservation through web and call centre. Most of them have no prior seating arrangement and have additional charges for check-in baggage. Meals on board are charged and no refund is applicable in case of a missed fights. All the LCCs are deriving good revenue from ancillary service offerings like hotels, cars and other packages through their website. All LCCs except Ryanair do worry about customer complaints and feedback. Ryanair has a bad name in terms of customer service and misleading statements to gain publicity. Loyalty in their targeted segments is driven by the overriding need for cheap travel, good timings, multiple frequencies and lower expectations in terms of customer service. Few LCCs like Southwest Airlines, Air Berlin provide a rudimentary loyalty programme in terms of facilities and privileges to its members when compared with a Full Service Carrier, but it is enough for the targeted segments expectation We can summarize all the above LCCs on a continuum which depicts a pure LCC on the left side and a Full Service Carrier on the extreme right. Figure 1: Continuum of LCC Airlines 3.4. Derivations There is clear differentiation in the development of culture in the organization. Air Berlin exhibits an autocratic culture which is represented through its boss. Air Asia exhibits the culture of its boss too, open and cheerful. Southwest and Easy Jet exhibit a less hierarchical structure, full of freedom to the employees while Ryanair exhibits a culture in between the spectrum. Ryanair is process driven organization with little freedom to employees for decision making. Important decisions are highly centralized. It has grown so much that if he centralizes any further, the structure cannot sustain it. Hence there is no consistent pattern among these airlines from cultural perspective. However, we can definitely say that culture in these organizations is a reflection of the leadership behaviour of the founder entrepreneur. Nevertheless all the evaluated LCC airlines did succeed so far whereas so many after and before them failed. Reasons for this can be seen in this project work. During inception stage there is consistency in high level of delegation, coordination and control. All entrepreneurs had been able to recognize and to deal with the most important and influencing environmental factors on their home markets. All the airlines focused on cost leadership as a competitive advantage and made concrete efforts to mitigate the risks. Air Berlin formed subsidiaries to do away with labor unions. Air Asia formed a JV in Thailand with the Thailands Prime Minster family business to keep the political risk in check. The use of standard aircrafts to the extent possible and internet check-in as the model of bookings were part of the scheme to reduce costs. Hence the evaluated LCCs can be depicted as follows on five stages of business growth. (Figure 2). Figure 2: Five Stages of LCC Business Growth With reference to figure 2, we can consider that LCC is a product being sold by these airlines. There has been no basic RD on this product by any of these airlines. What they have done is to do applied research on the basic model of airline travel, to bring out LCC. Southwest Airlines pioneered this in the USA followed by modified versions of this by other airlines in other geographies. The trend in the figure 2 demonstrates that the growth of LCC has followed five stages of business growth, with the corresponding time taken by them for each phase and how the efficiency has changed. However, they are at different stages for example Southwest, Easy Jet and Ryan Air are in the expansion stages hitting the maturity stage in the current model, while Air Asia and Air Berlin seem to be in Growth/ expansion stages. Now the LCC carriers are facing competition from the full service airlines. This is because, full services play airlines are planning certain percentage of their seats at low p rices to compete with LCCs. Hence the efficiency of the LCC product sale for our sample airlines has reached a plateau. Now the time has come for the LCC carriers to apply development RD to give an S curve to this trend to modify the features of the product LCC. Different LCC airlines are doing this in different ways, e.g., Ryan airlines are cutting all possible costs, Easy Jet has targeted business passengers, Air Berlin wants to do everything possible for a good customer services, etc. This fits with the assertion of Schumpeter (1950), in that the technological progress can be seen as a continuous process in which capitalism constantly demands better value. Figure 3: LCC Airlines in Greiners Five-Stage Model of Growth (source: Greiner 1972) When we try to review (figure 3) the leadership and management styles within these five airlines vis-à  -vis, our finding is that it largely reflects the leadership style of the founder entrepreneur than the stages of Greiners five phase growth model. For example, Easy Jet and Southwest demonstrate collaboration in their management style, while Air Asia is in between the control and collaboration stages. Air Berlin and Ryan Air has high level of control and less delegation. Figure 4: Key Resource Factors in the Stages of Growth for LCC With reference to figure 4, we have reviewed the resource requirement of the five LCCs. All the five airlines display that they had the resource requirements (financial, business, system and personnel resources) for different phases of growth as shown in this figure. For example, airline being an asset intensive business, they all had huge capital requirements at the start-up. They used a combination of models to meet their requirements leasing aircrafts to purchasing them during start-up and survival phases. But in subsequent stages, they all followed the same strategy owning aircrafts. To reduce on cost, Ryan Airlines had purchased old aircrafts also which was criticized by Easy Jet as cutting corners on safety aspects which could hit the LCC industry in case there were any problems to happen. With regard to figure 5, we see that there is a commonality between what was practiced in different environments globally and the typical 5 stage growth model linked to leadership. Initially, in the start-up stage, everything is centralized and business and personal goals are the same for entrepreneurs which get decentralized, delegated and a formal structure coming in at the expansion and maturity stages. The financing is done primarily through personal resources initially which later on is internally generated and additionally through tapping of the stock markets and taking on debt from banks. As most have avenues for growth, they do not follow an active dividend policy and reward shareholders through capital appreciation Figure 5: Key Management Factors in the Stages of Growth for LCC Derived from our evaluation the entrepreneurship model on antecedent influences, personal character traits, and leadership approach can be illustrated only for the stage of idea generation and inception (see Figure 6). Figure 6: Model of entrepreneurial antecedent influences, personal character traits and leadership approach in the stage of idea generation and inception for LCC Most important is that the autocratic leadership approach (Tannenbaum and Schmidt 1973) is dominant which is in close relation to McGregors supposition of Theory X (boss-centered leadership) in contrast to Theory Y (subordinate-centered leadership). The contingency model of leadership by Vroom and Yetton (1973) covers the evaluated leadership behaviour as Autocratic I and II. Bass (1985) points out four basic components of transformational leadership. First, idealized influence (leader charisma, respect of followers), second, inspirational motivation (display meaning and challenge to the work of followers), third, intellectual stimulation (new approaches for solutions, creative problem solutions), and fourth, individualized consideration (leader listens and provide concern to needs and development of individual followers). For the last two points the autocratic style of LCC airlines seems to be a contraindication. Yukl (2006) formulates some guidelines for transformational leadership which cover the results of our investigations: Articulate a clear and appealing vision, explain how the vision can be attained, act confident and optimistic, express confidence in followers, use dramatic, symbolic actions to emphasize key values, and lead by example. This is very close to inspirational or visionary leadership. Here the focus is on leaders skills of motivating and inspiring people aiming to bring together goals and values of the organization and individual needs and values. Particularly in the stage of idea generation and in the inception stage the entrepreneurs took all ten managerial roles which Mintzberg (1990) pointed out. The entrepreneurs took a figurehead role (the manager as a symbol who represents the organization in terms of formality), a leader role (demonstrating responsibility for staffing, motivation and guidance of subordinates) and a liaison role (with focus on horizontal relationships between manager and individuals/groups as well as the organizations environment). In terms of informational roles we found the entrepreneurs in a monitor role (the manager receives formal/informal information from internal/external sources and develops an understanding of the working of the organization and its environment) as well as in a disseminator role (the manager as centre of information who transmits external information through his liaison role (see above) to the organization and internal information through his leader role amongst subordinates) and in a spokesperson role (the manager as a formal authority communicating to distinct stakeholders). And even in terms of so called decisional roles all en trepreneurs were very active. Here we saw the entrepreneurs in an entrepreneurial role (he is expected to initiate and plan controlled change by exploiting opportunities, solving problems and taking action for improvement of an existing situation and he may play a major part in aiming improvement and delegate responsibilities to subordinates), in a disturbance handler role (the manager reacts on involuntary and unpredictable situations and he is expected to correct a situation in case of unexpected disturbance), in a resource allocator role (the manager makes choices about resources allocation) and least in a negotiator role (this role arises from managers authority, credibility, access to information and responsibility for resources allocation and the manager participates actively in negotiation with stakeholders, e.g. works council). 3.5. Recommendation for the Future We clearly see that future growth in LCCs will be through collaboration with other LCCs and full service carrier. In other words, Southwest will grow collaborating with full service carriers like United, American, and Lufthansa and vice versa. Though the early stages of growth were in different segments , having established in their own markets, both LCCs and full service carriers are moving towards the middle of the continuum and we will see increased collaboration between them in future. Also the majority of the airlines are deliberating entering the lo